MAKALAH CLAUSE | main and subordinate clause ( complement clause, relative clause, adverbial clause )

MAKALAH

CLAUSES

Disusun oleh :

Bemy Hariadi

Mika Silvia

3C

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH BENGKULU

FKIP B.INGRIS

TAHUN AJARAN

2015/2016

PREFACE

All praise and gratitude writer prayed to Allah Swt, upon his grace and hinayah-Nya. So the paper types of clause can be resolved, further peace and blessings authors dedicate to the bosom of the prophet Muhammad Saw, the last prophet and messenger who has guided Umatnya beaten path and while refining morals through divine guidance.
This paper is presented with all its shortcomings, but in the real hope. Perhaps can be used as additional reading material from other books. Suggestions for improvement is expected from the reader to the perfection of this paper.
At last To Allah Swt author begs for mercy. If it comes to errors in the writing of this paper. This paper may be useful. Amin Yaa Rabbal Alamiin.

Bengkulu, 26 december  2016
Author

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND
Discuss learning English is a must for every human being. Who wants to undergo development. Because without it he will lose direction in achieving the goal, therefore. Speakers present a brief description that will be discussed in this paper.
In mastering conversational English. Our previous must understand the grammar. Therefore the authors discuss in this paper entitled about types of clause.
In this paper the author describes a wide variety clause and examples, gun helps to better understand the deeper.

B. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM
From the description above background, author can formulate the problem as follows.
1. What sense of the clause ?
2. There is what type of clause ?
3. What examples in each division clause ?

C. THE PURPOSE
1. From the formulation of the problem above, then I can finish : understanding of the clause.
2. How many types of clause and
3. Examples of the division clause.

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Definition Of Clause
Clause is a group of words containing a subjek or predicate. Predicate here can be a verb. Either in the form of an adjective, noun, or other.
Example :
a. I want some cheese
b. She is at home

In English grammar, clause can be divided into two groups, yes it is :
a. Main Clause
b. Subordinat Clause

1) Main Clause
Main Clause in Indonesian is often called the main clause. The main clause is a clause that can stand alone as a simple sentence, and have a complete understanding.
Example :
– They Painted the door.
Mereka mengecat pintu.

2) Subordinat Clause
Subordinat Clause in Indonesian is often called a clause. Subordinat clause is a clause that can not stand alone as a sentence. Clause will have a complete understanding when combined with the main clause.
Example:
– She is the writer whose book you are reading.
Dia adalah seorang penulis yang bukunya sedang kamu baca.

Whose word book you are reading is a subordinate clause. Because the word is not yet have a complete understanding when not combined with the paren requires that she is the writer (dia adalah seorang penulis)

3) Type of Subordinat Clause

a)     Relative Clause

A relative clause is a

kind of subordinate clause that contains an element whose interpretation is provided by an antecedent on which the subordinate clause is grammatically dependent; that is, there is an anaphoric relation between the relativized element in the relative clause, and the antecedent on which it depends.^[1]

Typically, a relative clause modifies a noun or noun phrase,^[1] and uses some grammatical device to indicate that one of the arguments within the relative clause has the same referent as that noun or noun phrase.

Examples :

·       Something happened twice. - Standard declarative SV-clause

·       something that happened twice - Relative clause introduced by the relative pronoun that and modifying the indefinite pronoun something

·       They left early - Standard declarative clause

·       the time when they left early - Relative clause introduced by the relative proform when and modifying the noun time

·       The woman sang a song. - Standard declarative SV-clause

·       the woman who sang a song. - Relative clause introduced by the relative pronoun who and modifying the noun woman

b)     Adverbial Clause

An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb; that is, the entire clause modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. As with all clauses, it contains a subject and predicate, although the subject as well as the (predicate) verb may sometimes be omitted and implied (see below).

An adverbial clause is commonly, but not always, fronted by a subordinate conjunction—sometimes called a trigger word.

In the examples below the adverbial clause is italicized and the subordinate conjunction is bolded.

·        Mary, the aspiring actress, became upset as soon as she saw the casting list.

(subject: she; predicate: saw the casting list; the clause modifies the verb became)

Adverbial clauses are divided into several groups according to the actions or senses of their conjunctions:

Type of clause	Common conjunctions	Function	Example
time	Conjunctions answering the question "when?", such as: when, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, till, until, etc.; or the paired (correlative) conjunctions: hardly...when, scarcely...when, barely...when, no sooner...than[1]	These clauses: Say when something happens by referring to a period or point of time, or to another event.	Her goldfish died when she was young. He came after night had fallen. We barely had gotten there when mighty Casey struck out.
condition	if, unless, lest	Talk about a possible or counterfactual situation and its consequences.	If they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards.
purpose	in order to, so that, in order that	Indicate the purpose of an action.	They had to take some of his land so that they could extend the churchyard.
reason	because, since, as, given	Indicate the reason for something.	I couldn't feel anger against him because I liked him too much.
concession	although, though, while	Make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.	I used to read a lot although I don't get much time for books now.
place	Answering the question "where?": where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc.	Talk about the location or position of something.	He said he was happy where he was.
comparison	as...as, than, as	State comparison of a skill, size or amount, etc.	Johan can speak English as fluently as his teacher. She is a better cook than I.
manner	Answering the question, "how"?: as, like, the way	Talk about someone's behavior or the way something is done.	I was never allowed to do things as I wanted to do them.
results	so...that, such...that	Indicate the result(s) of an act or event.	My suitcase had become so damaged that the lid would not stay closed.

c)     Noun clause/Complement Clause

A noun clause can be used like a noun. It can be a subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition. Some of the English words that introduce noun clauses are that, whether, who, why, whom, what, how, when, whoever, where, and whomever. Notice that some of these words also introduce adjective and adverbial clauses. A clause is a noun clause if a pronoun (he, she, it, or they) could be substituted for it. Follow these examples:

Examples:

·        I know who said that. (I know him/her. The dependent clause serves as the object of the main-clause verb "know".)

·        Whoever made that assertion is wrong. (He/she is wrong. The dependent clause serves as the subject of the main clause.)

In English, in some instances the subordinator that can be omitted.

Example 1:

·        I know that he is here.

·        I know he is here.

CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A.    CONCLUSION

Three major type of subordinate clause are recognised : realative clause, adverial clause, and complement/noun clause. Noun clause modify either verbs or nouns , can function as subject or object in a clause and have as their complementiser  that or zero. Relative clause modify nouns and have as their complement a WH word or that or zero.